Federal Courts Have Ruled That the United States Has Expansive Authority to Crack Down on Dogfighting and Cockfighting

A key portion of the Animal Welfare Act (Act) has weathered multiple legal challenges from cockfighters and dogfighters who have argued in a long series of cases that the federal government lacks the authority to restrict animal fighting and it is a matter reserved for the states and territories. Each of the five amendments to Section 26 of the Act (relating to “animal fighting ventures”) from 2002 to 2018 triggered legal maneuvers by cockfighting enthusiasts intent on continuing their illegal enterprises. Many of the lawsuits had common themes, challenging Congress’s authority to enact animal fighting bans and alleging infringement of constitutional rights. 

Challenges under the Commerce Clause and Due Process

One of the recurring legal claims against the Act’s animal fighting ban is a federalism argument under the Commerce Clause, positing that Congress does not have jurisdiction to ban animal fighting because when the staged battles are contained within the borders of a state, they do not affect interstate commerce. This argument, however, has been repeatedly rejected by the courts, including the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit in the seminal animal fighting cases U.S. v. Gibert and U.S. v. Lawson.[1] The Fourth Circuit had “no difficulty concluding that Congress acted within the limitations established by the Commerce Clause in enacting the animal fighting statute.”[2]   The court’s conclusion was fortified by the Congressional findings showing the national economic impact of animal fighting and the direct link between animal fighting ventures and its effect on interstate commerce.[3] With these two important decisions, the cockfighting community will have difficulty finding a pathway to undercut federal authority to ban animal fighting. 

In October 2019, U.S. District Court Judge Gustavo Gelpi, serving the District of Puerto Rico, granted summary judgement to the United States and ruled against the claims made by a cockfighting coalition challenging Congress’ constitutional authority under the Commerce Clause to extend its ban on cockfighting to the U.S. territories.[4] Judge Gelpi declared in his order that “[n]either the Commonwealth’s political statutes, nor the Territorial Clause, impede the United States Government from enacting laws that apply to all citizens of this Nation alike, whether as a state or territory.”  

Plaintiffs in that case appealed the ruling, and on January 14, 2021, after reviewing Judge Gelpi’s decision anew, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit arrived at the same conclusion.  Congress has the authority under the Commerce Clause, ruled a unanimous three-judge panel, to enact the AWA amendments that would extend cockfighting ban to U.S. territories.  The court found that the sponsorship and exhibition of cockfights for profit is clearly economic and commercial, and that its impact is not merely incidental to interstate commerce.  Further, the court found multiple Congressional findings underscoring the interstate commercial impact of cockfighting, highlighting the concerning finding that cockfighting contributes to the spread of avian flus, given the present COVID-19 pandemic. The Puerto Rico challenge met its final end in October 2021 when the U.S. Supreme Court denied a writ of certiorari brought by the plaintiffs and a group of political operatives seeking to overturn the First Circuit decision. 

A parallel legal challenge mounted by a Guam-based cockfighter met a similar fate when the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed a ruling of the U.S. District Court for the District of Guam that Congress has the authority to bar animal fighting throughout the United States, including in the territories. In its December 2021 decision striking down the challenge, the circuit court noted that “[v]arious U.S. jurisdictions have restricted or prohibited animal fighting, including cockfighting, for centuries.”[5] 

In what is likely the last gasp effort to allow cockfighting within any U.S. jurisdiction, a cockfighter in the Northern Mariannas Islands went to court to try an invalidate the federal cockfighting ban as it applies to the territory, claiming that the Compact between the U.S. and the Islands preserve the rights of Island residents to engage in the practice. In a 15-page opinion, Chief U.S. District Judge Ramona Manglona determined, in dismissing the case with prejudice, that “the federal interests in regulating interstate commerce, preventing the spread of avian flu, and ensuring the humane treatment of animals outweigh the degree of intrusion into the internal affairs of the CNMI as it relates to the tradition of cockfighting.” While the plaintiff has indicated his intention to appeal the decision, the chances for success are negligible given the appeal will be brought before a Ninth Circuit court that has already ruled decisively on the issue in the Guam matter.

Several other federal courts have held similarly regarding Congress’ authority under the Commerce Clause. The U.S. District Court for the Western District of Texas held that Congress is acting within the limits of the Commerce Clause by enacting law restricting animal fighting.[6] The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit affirmed a district court’s ruling that the appellant’s Commerce Clause challenge fails because the Act specifically covers only the interstate and foreign movement of birds.[7] The U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Illinois found the criminal defendant’s argument that Congress lacks authority under the Commerce Clause meritless.[8]

Challenges under the First Amendment

Another argument brandished by animal fighters against Section 26 of the Act is grounded on individual constitutional right to freedom of speech, expression, and assembly under the First Amendment. In the case in Puerto Rico, the cockfighting coalition claims that the cockfighting ban has robbed them of First Amendment rights to freedom of expression, because Puerto Ricans perpetuate their culture through assembly and cockfighting.[9]   Both federal district and appellate courts adjudicating that question rejected the arguments from plaintiffs.  Even if animal fighting were expressive conduct, the district court stated, “expressive activities that produce special harms distinct from their communicative impact are not entitled to constitutional protection.”[10] Further, the court recognized the “distinction between an artistic expression, such as depicting a wounded or dead animal, from a non-artistic conduct, i.e. participating in animal fights that may lead to injury or death of participating animals.”[11] Moreover, the animal fighting ban does not prohibit cockfighting enthusiasts from assembling to discuss and express their views regarding cockfighting and other cultural issues.[12]

The First Circuit affirmed the decision, finding the cockfighters had failed to show that sponsorship or exhibition of cockfighting would reasonably be understood by a viewer to be communicative.  The court also found that they failed to show any expressive elements in cockfighting activities, and interestingly, taking it one step further, the court stated that even if there was an expressive element, the amendments’ burden on the speech would be plainly permissible as an incidental restraint on such speech.  Moreover, the court disagreed with the cockfighters argument that they would be deterred from assembling to discuss their views regarding cockfighting, another First Amendment argument that failed because the amendments do not curtail any discussions about cockfighting.  Although, the First Amendment does not protect assembly for unlawful purposes or to engage in criminal activity.  If the plaintiffs conspired to sponsor or exhibit a cockfight, the First Amendment would not protect them. 

Cockfighters have also argued freedom to exercise religion in federal court.  In July 2020, the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Louisiana rejected plaintiffs’ arguments that cockfighting is an integral and essential part of their faith.  The court found the photo evidence submitted by the district attorney suggested that the cockfighting activities were more commercial in nature than a bona fide religious ritual.  The photos depicted a cockfighting arena littered with discarded food and alcohol containers; a handwritten betting ledger; ‘cockhouse’ fees and membership rules; rooster corpses; and other indicators of a commercial cockfighting operation. 

Other Challenges

Animal fighting has often been intertwined with other forms of organized crime – whether it be gambling or bribery to keep the local authorities from enforcing the law. In U.S. v. Thompson, the court finds persuasive the evidence that “local authorities were participating in the animal fighting activities and were thwarting law enforcement.”[13] The court elaborates to resolve the defendant’s Tenth Amendment claim that the federal government should defer to the states with regard to the regulation of animal fighting because that’s a law enforcement matter left primarily to them.[14] The court states, “[w]hile one or more corrupt members of law enforcement do not vitiate the Tenth Amendment, it is a powerful buttress to the argument that the federal government may also have a legitimate interest in regulating criminal activity that has traditionally been regulated by state governments. This is especially true because, absent a specific constitutional prohibition, states are certainly free to ask the federal government for assistance in regulating activities such as animal fighting.”[15] The court implies additional regulation by the federal government only helps the proper enforcement of the laws barring specific constitutional prohibitions.

Scott Edwards is general counsel for the Center for a Humane Economy and Animal Wellness Action.  Kate Edwards is senior litigator for the organizations.

[1] U.S. v. Gibert, 677 F.3d 613 (4th Cir. 2012); U.S. v. Lawson, 677 F.3d 629 (4th. Cir. 2012). 

[2] Gibert, 677 F.3d 613, 624 (4th Cir. 2012).

[3] Id. at 625-27 (“…animal fighting ventures are inherently commercial enterprises that often involve substantial interstate activity”).

[4] Club Gallistico De P.R. Inc. v. U.S., CIVIL NO. 19-1481 (GAG) (D.P.R. Oct. 28, 2019).

[5] Sedfrey Linsangan v. USA, No. 20-17024 (9th Cir. 2021)

[6] U.S. v. Thompson, 118 F.Supp.2d 723, 726 (W.D. Tex. 1998) (“There is evidence that the people involved in animal fighting use the channels of interstate commerce.  They publish and distribute magazines and other periodicals that are shipped across state lines.  The Court assumes that they use telephones to inform each other of the time and dates and location of animal fighting activities.  Animals are transported across state lines for breeding and fighting.  People travel across state lines to transport the animals, to referee the matches, to gamble on the matches, or simply to view the animals.”).

[7] Slavin v. U.S., 403 F.3d 522 (8th Cir. 2005). 

[8] U.S. v. Bacon, No. 09-CR-30101 MJR (S.D. Ill. 2009). 

[9] Club Gallistico De P.R. Inc. v. U.S., CIVIL NO. 19-1481 (GAG), at *24 (D.P.R. Oct. 28, 2019).

[10] Id.

[11] Id. at 24-25.

[12] Id. at 25.

[13] U.S. v. Thompson, 118 F.Supp.2d 723, 727 (W.D. Tex. 1998).

[14] Id.

[15] Id.